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許章潤 | 精神家族一代師表——思祭孔傑榮先輩(Xu Zhangrun Mourns Jerome Cohen, translated by G.R. Barmé)
波士頓書評 Boston Review of Books
編者按:9月22日孔傑榮教授去世,享年95歲。孔傑榮(Jerome Alan Cohen,1930-2025),美國中國法律權威,生於新澤西猶太家庭。他是首位在中國執業的美國律師,推動中美法律交流,影響深遠。1947年入耶魯大學,1951年畢業獲福布萊特獎學金赴法,1955年獲耶魯法學博士,任《耶魯法律雜誌》主編。畢業後,任美國最高法院大法官沃倫及弗蘭克福特書記官。1959年起任教加州大學柏克萊分校,1964-1979年任哈佛法學院教授,創東亞法律研究會。1972年訪華見周恩來;1977年陪甘迺迪會鄧小平,同年助救金大中。1980年在北京教美國合同法,後加入寶維斯律師事務所,1990年起任紐約大學教授,創亞美法研究所,至2020年退休。著作包括《中華人民共和國刑事訴訟程序導論》(1968)、《中華人民共和國與國際法》(1974)等,開創中國法研究。改革開放後,任外資顧問,倡人權:曾助呂秀蓮釋放、江南案訴訟、陳光誠入紐大,並批評港國安法侵蝕司法。
得知其去世消息,中國法學家許章潤為其寫下誄文。漢學家白杰明翻譯為英文,首發中國遺典。經作者和譯者授權,波士頓書評轉發,紀念孔傑榮教授。今年三月,哥倫比亞大學剛出版其自傳 Eastward, Westward: A Life in Law.
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精神家族一代師表——思祭孔傑榮先輩
許章潤誄孔公
孔傑榮先生仁者高壽,久病仙逝,標誌著一個時代的結束。曾幾何時,孔公一馬當先,遠涉重洋,叩門破關,希望播種法意以達公義,藉助法權以捍衛人權。其用意也良善,而效果亦初現,為千萬人展現出美好前景,卻終究難撼極權之鐵桶。此非孔公一人理想之不彰,毋寧,實乃一個民族之悲劇,映現的無非普世公義之頓挫。吾人身陷其中,目送逝者的背影,不得不為此一時代之戛然而止扼腕。時至今日,曾經的山巔之國竟然跟暴政眉來眼去,而舉世的獨裁者們彈冠相慶,實在令人浩嘆!
戊戌以還,先生不顧年高體衰,奮筆疾書,連著六文,為在下之言論鼓與呼,為意料中必至之遭遇鳴不平,既痛斥暴政之無恥,更深究其來龍去脈,致思於廣大,而焦點始終還是具體中人的生存境況。其心緒不止於法意,其心意卻正在於大聲疾呼經由法治之正義。沒有正義,人間豈不就是匪幫!特別是痛感有司即將加罪於在下之身的必然,孔公乃邀赴彼岸,確保任教於其所創設之紐約大學亞太法律研究所,其意拳拳,其心耿耿。非親非故,而援手於將溺;無利無求,純懷普世之同情。所以,先生既是偉大的教師,跨越東西之冰人,更是無私奉獻的偉大人道主義者也。
世界浩翰而侷促,只因追求一己和萬眾分享的善好,這才能夠忍受並怡然享受此在的過程。人性乖張,可人心中總蘊涵著不滅之聖明,其永恆如三光,其湍盪如烈焰。於是,肉身凡胎,乃不懼火湖在前,雖千萬人吾往矣。此為在下之體認,想必與孔公之所擊掌而共鳴者也。哲人其萎,遙望天宇,前方是千山萬水,而寸步難行,乃寄哀思於寸紙,念學澤之無限,為精神家族之遠方逝者,一讚兮,一哭爾!
乙巳桂月初三,二零二五年九月廿四,匆草
In Memoriam: Jerome A. Cohen
A Eulogy by Xu Zhangrun
translated by G.R. Barmé
Jerome Cohen enjoyed the longevity of a truly righteous man, however, following an extended illness he has now left us. His passing truly marks the end of an era. In what seems like another age, years ago Jerry Cohen, our master, ventured to this distant land of China to contribute his talent to the opening of that door, hopeful of being able to propagate the rule of law for the sake of broader public benefit.For Jerome Cohen, the idea of legal rights was always grounded in a respect for basic human rights. He was motivated by a spirit of decency and his efforts were crowned with initial success. Those early years contributed to a better future for countless people although, ultimately, they were unable to challenge the immobility of totalitarian habit. The failure, however, was not that of Jerry Cohen, rather it was part of the larger Chinese tragedy, one that has seen the repeated frustration of universal values. For those of us mired yet in this reality, to see him now depart adds to our profound sense of loss. In his wake, we continue to face this sorrowful state of stagnation. As a land that was at the pinnacle of the world [that is, the USA] is itself enamoured of autocracy — something celebrated by tyrants worldwide — our already bereft state is further exacerbated by incredulity.
Since 2020, Professor Cohen resisted the challenges of the passage of time and remained energetically engaged in writing projects; he even found time to write about my plight on six separate occasions. He also advocated on my behalf even though (or because) he knew exactly what fate had in store for me. [Note: See What’s Next for Xu Zhangrun?] He excoriated the regime for its shameless persecution of me, more importantly he pinpointed the flawed logic behind their machinations while identifying the crux of our troubles in the context of our lived reality. His concern for the state of the law in China was consistently framed by an unflinching advocacy for the rule of law itself. For he knew that if true justice is impossible we are all reduced to a state of banditry. Fully aware of the punishment that would be meted out to me, Professor Cohen invited me to teach at the U.S.-Asia Law Institute, which he had founded at New York University. It was a heartfelt act of generosity offered to me at a time of pressing need, a helping hand extended to a likeminded colleague on the other side of the world who was submerged in iniquity. His generosity was a practical recognition of our shared humanity. This venerable Professor was not only a teacher of stature and an unwavering champion of substantive exchange between West and East, he was also an outstanding humanitarian whose real-world actions were a practical expression of his ideals.
In all of its vastness the world is yet a very small place. It is by the pursuit of goodness, both for oneself and for a multitude of others, that can one find solace in life, thereby being able to tolerate and fully appreciate all that existence has to offer. Human nature, for all of the wickedness of the human heart, also contains an imperishable core of sublimation and decency. It is as eternal as the sun, the moon and the stars themselves, and it shines with enduring ferocity. This is why, despite our physical frailty, even when confronted by the sea of troubles countless people will advance undaunted. This too is my own experience, one that I know Professor Cohen understood, encouraged and applauded. [Note: See Professor Xu Zhangrun’s Poem Honoring Navalny’s Memory.] Fragile, too, are even the wisest among us. Looking into the great expense of heaven and surveying the boundless vistas of earth, even though each advance is but an inching step forward, as I record here my mournful celebration using this most fragile medium I remain deeply grateful for the bounty of learning that Professor Jerome Cohen bequeathed to us all. A member of my spiritual family has departed. I hail his memory even as I tearfully grieve over our loss on this, the
Third Day of the Eighth Month of the Yisi Year of the Snake (24 September 2025). Drafted in haste [by Xu Zhangrun].
附:紀念保羅·A·柯文(Paul A. Cohen)教授
9月15日,美國著名中國史學家保羅·A·柯文(Paul A. Cohen,1934-2025)去世。他和他的師弟孔飛力被視為美國中國歷史研究的第二代代表,與與費正清、列文森等第一代中國學研究者「西方沖擊—中國回應」模式不同的是,保羅·A·柯文提出「中國中心論」的研究模式,並與第二代學者留下許多研究典範。
柯文1934年生於紐約市,早年求學經歷曲折:1952年入康奈爾大學,次年轉至芝加哥大學,1955年獲學士學位。隨後進入哈佛大學,師從中國史泰斗費正清(John K. Fairbank)和史華慈(Benjamin I. Schwartz),於1957年獲碩士、1961年獲博士學位。 柯文學術生涯主要在衛斯理學院(Wellesley College)度過,自1965年起任亞洲研究及歷史教授,並兼任哈佛大學費正清東亞研究中心研究員。他曾領導歷史系,將教學與研究並重,培養無數中國史人才。其研究聚焦清史、中國現代史及中美認知互動,特別批判西方中心主義,倡導「中國中心觀」,推動史學從外部視角轉向內部脈絡分析。這一轉變影響深遠,使美國中國研究從第二代學者中脫穎而出。
柯文代表作包括《歷史三調:1915年五四運動的記憶與遺忘》(History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth),以事件、經驗與神話三維剖析義和團運動,展現史學的多層次詮釋;《在中國發現歷史:美國中國史學的傳統與修訂》(Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past),剖析美國學界對中國史的「中國中心」盲點,成為經典教材;《中國歷史中的中國形象》(China Unbound),探討中國在全球語境下的自我定位;早期重要著作《傳統與現代之間:王韜與晚清改革》(Between Tradition and Modernity: Wang T’ao and Reform in Late Ch’ing China,1974),基於其博士論文,深入剖析清末知識分子王韜的改革思想,揭示傳統與現代的張力,為中國現代化轉型研究提供關鍵洞見。這些著作不僅重塑中國史研究方法,還強調跨文化比較與人類學視角,抵制刻板印象。
晚年柯文出版回憶錄《走過兩遍的路》,回顧從工程夢到史學路的曲折,體現其對學術的堅持。2025年9月15日,柯文以91歲高齡逝世。
波士頓書評在《在哈佛大學尋找孔飛力》中曾提到保羅·A·柯文「中國中心觀」。
1977年9月19日,孔飛力的老師、史華慈教授給哈佛大學文理學院院長亨利·羅索夫斯基 (Henry Rosovsky) 寫的一封推薦信:
「如果以我個人的傾向來界定孔飛力教授,我認為他的研究是精當的,因為雖則如此,他的研究領域決不是狹窄的。他的第一本書(《中華帝國晚期的叛亂及其敵人》)就奠定其在19世紀中國地方政治和社會史研究領域的先驅地位,目前他又企圖把研究領域拓展到20世紀。正巧研究生們對當前許多對於中國社會和政治的大規模全球性的一般性泛泛而談深為不滿,他們渴望研究區域的、地方的、鄉村的歷史。當然我極力推薦孔飛力還不僅僅是基於他的研究領域比較『時髦』,更是由於他的作品顯示出他的驚人的博學,一種對於理論和比較方法的深切的關註,以及優秀的智力精確性。通過某種非同尋常的方法,孔飛力將歷史學這種方式與對人類意識生活和知識分子歷史運動的深層關註結合起來……孔飛力教授目前正指導著一項研究中國20世紀地方政治史的計劃。孔飛力的學生都愛戴他,他在芝加哥大學表現出了特別出色的教學和行政管理的才能。我堅信孔飛力教授必將卓越地保持哈佛近代中國史研究的領先地位。」
這封信編號為「ACC#14133,BOX16」,至今保留在哈佛檔案館。也正是因為這封推薦信,1978年秋,在芝加哥大學中國研究中心工作15年之久的45歲的孔飛力重新回到了哈佛大學。這一次,他接替老師費正清擔任希根森(Francis Lee Higginson)歷史教授。也正是在這一年,孔飛力加入了費正清主編的《劍橋中國史》第10卷《劍橋中國晚清史》(1800年~1911年)的撰寫。1980年~1986年,孔飛力擔任哈佛大學費正清東亞研究中心主任。在學術界,他被認為是美國第二代漢學研究的領軍人物之一,一些學者甚至認為他就是費正清的接班人。比孔飛力小一歲但早5年入費正清、史華慈門下的師兄保羅·柯文,在其1984年出版的著作《在中國發現歷史:中國中心觀在美國的興起》中,對孔飛力的評價幾乎與他們的老師史華慈一樣。在他看來,孔飛力1970年出版的《中華帝國晚期叛亂及其敵人:1796-1864年的軍事化與社會結構》,幾乎體現了當時美國史學新思潮新取向的所有特點:「標誌著美國的中國史研究的一項重要突破」。與費正清、列文森等第一代中國學研究者「西方沖擊—中國回應」模式不同,以孔飛力為代表的第二代研究者「轉向一種更加真正以對方為中心的史學,一種植根在中國的而不是西方的歷史經驗之中的史學」。也正是在1984年,51歲的孔飛力再次來北京時,發現了乾隆時期「叫魂」案的資料。1990年《叫魂》由哈佛大學出版社出版,當年即獲得「列文森中國研究最佳著作獎」。
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